First Visit to an Orthodox Church: Twelve Things I Wish I'd Known
by Frederica Mathewes-Green
Orthodox worship is different! Some of these differences are apparent,
if perplexing, from the first moment you walk in a church. Others become noticeable
only over time. Here is some information that may help you feel more at home in
Orthodox worship--twelve things I wish I'd known before my first visit to an Orthodox
church.
1. What's all this commotion?
During the early part of the service the church may seem to be in a
hubbub, with people walking up to the front of the church, praying in front of the
iconostasis (the standing icons in front of the altar), kissing things and lighting
candles, even though the service is already going on. In fact, when you came in
the service was already going on, although the sign outside clearly said "Divine
Liturgy, 9:30." You felt embarrassed to apparently be late, but these people are
even later, and they're walking all around inside the church. What's going on here?
In an Orthodox church there is only one Eucharistic service (Divine
Liturgy) per Sunday, and it is preceded by an hour-long service of Matins (or Orthros)
and several short preparatory services before that. There is no break between these
services--one begins as soon as the previous ends, and posted starting times are
just educated guesses. Altogether, the priest will be at the altar on Sunday morning
for over three hours, "standing in the flame," as one Orthodox priest put it.
As a result of this state of continuo flow, there is no point at which
everyone is sitting quietly in a pew waiting for the entrance hymn to start, glancing
at their watches approaching 9:30. Orthodox worshippers arrive at any point from
the beginning of Matins through the early part of the Liturgy, a span of well over
an hour. No matter when they arrive, something is sure to be already going on, so
Orthodox don't let this hamper them from going through the private prayers appropriate
to just entering a church. This is distracting to newcomers, and may even seem disrespectful,
but soon you begin to recognize it as an expression of a faith that is not merely
formal but very personal. Of course, there is still no good excuse for showing up
after 9:30, but punctuality is unfortunately one of the few virtues
many Orthodox lack.
2. Stand up, stand up for Jesus.
In the Orthodox tradition, the faithful stand up for nearly the entire
service. Really. In some Orthodox churches, there won't even be any chairs, except
a few scattered at the edges of the room for those who need them. Expect variation
in practice: some churches, especially those that bought already-existing church
buildings, will have well-used pews. In any case, if you find the amount of standing
too challenging you're welcome to take a seat. No one minds or probably even notices.
Long-term standing gets easier with practice.
3. In this sign.
To say that we make the sign of the cross frequently would be an understatement.
We sign ourselves whenever the Trinity is invoked, whenever we venerate the cross
or an icon, and on many other occasions in the course of the Liturgy. But people
aren't expected to do everything the same way. Some people cross themselves three
times in a row, and some finish by sweeping their right hand to the floor. On first
entering a church people may come up to an icon, make a "metania"--crossing themselves
and bowing with right hand to the floor--twice, then kiss the icon, then make one
more metania. This becomes familiar with time, but at first it can seem like secret-handshake
stuff that you are sure to get wrong. Don't worry, you don't have to follow suit.
We cross with our right hands from right to left (push, not pull), the
opposite of Roman Catholics and high-church Protestants. We hold our hands in a
prescribed way: thumb and first two fingertips pressed together, last two fingers
pressed down to the palm. Here as elsewhere, the Orthodox impulse is to make everything
we do reinforce the Faith. Can you figure out the symbolism? (Three fingers together
for the Trinity; two fingers brought down to the palm for the two natures of Christ,
and his coming down to earth.) This, too, takes practice. A beginner's imprecise
arrangement of fingers won't get you denounced as a heretic.
4. What, no kneelers?
Generally, we don't kneel. We do sometimes prostrate. This is not like
prostration in the Roman Catholic tradition, lying out flat on the floor. To make
a prostration we kneel, place our hands on the floor and touch our foreheads down
between our hands. It's just like those photos of middle-eastern worship, which
look to Westerners like a sea of behinds. At first prostration feels embarrassing,
but no one else is embarrassed, so after awhile it feels OK. Ladies will learn that
full skirts are best for prostrations, as flat shoes are
best for standing.
Sometimes we do this and get right back up again, as during the prayer
of St. Ephraim the Syrian, which is used frequently during Lent.
Other times we get down and stay there awhile, as some congregations do during part
of the Eucharistic prayer.
Not everyone prostrates. Some kneel, some stand with head bowed; in
a pew they might slide forward and sit crouched over. Standing there feeling awkward
is all right too. No one will notice if you don't prostrate. In Orthodoxy there
is a wider acceptance of individualized expressions of piety, rather than a sense
that people are watching you and getting offended if you do it wrong.
One former Episcopal priest said that seeing people prostrate themselves
was one of the things that made him most eager to become Orthodox. He thought, "That's
how we should be before God."
5. With Love and Kisses.
We kiss stuff. When we first come into the church, we kiss the icons
(Jesus on the feet and other saints on the hands, ideally). You'll also notice that
some kiss the chalice, some kiss the edge of the priest's vestment as he passes
by, the acolytes kiss his hand when they give him the censer, and we all line up
to kiss the cross at the end of the service. When we talk about "venerating" something
we usually mean crossing ourselves and kissing it.
We kiss each other before we take communion ("Greet one another with
a kiss of love," 1 Peter 5:14). When Roman Catholics or high-church Protestants
"pass the peace," they give a hug, handshake, or peck on the cheek; that's how Westerners
greet each other. In Orthodoxy different cultures are at play: Greeks and Arabs
kiss on two cheeks, and Slavs come back again for a third. Follow the lead of those
around you and try not to bump your nose.
The usual greeting is "Christ is in our midst" and response, "He is
and shall be." Don't worry if you forget what to say. The greeting is not the one
familiar to Episcopalians, "The peace of the Lord be with you." Nor is it "Hi, nice
church you have here." Exchanging the kiss of peace is a liturgical act, a sign
of mystical unity. Chatting and fellowship is for later.
6. Blessed bread and consecrated bread.
Only Orthodox may take communion, but anyone may have some of the blessed
bread. Here's how it works: the round communion loaf, baked by a parishioner, is
imprinted with a seal. In the preparation service before the Liturgy, the priest
cuts out a section of the seal and sets it aside; it is called the "Lamb". The rest
of the bread is cut up and placed in a large basket, and blessed by the priest.
During the Eucharistic prayer, the Lamb is consecrated to be the Body
of Christ, and the chalice of wine is consecrated as His Blood. Here's the surprising
part: the priest places the "Lamb" in the chalice with the wine. When we receive
communion, we file up to the priest, standing and opening our mouths wide while
he gives us a fragment of the wine-soaked bread from a golden spoon. He also prays
over us, calling us by our first name or the saint-name which we chose when we were
baptized or Chrismated (received into the church by anointing with blessed oil).
As we file past the priest, we come to an altar boy holding the basket
of blessed bread. People will take portions for themselves and for visitors and
non-Orthodox friends around them. If someone hands you a piece of blessed bread,
do not panic; it is not the Eucharistic Body. It is a sign of fellowship.
Visitors are sometimes offended that they are not allowed to receive
communion. Orthodox believe that receiving communion is broader than me-and-Jesus;
it acknowledges faith in historic Orthodox doctrine, obedience to a particular Orthodox
bishop, and a commitment to a particular Orthodox worshipping community. There's
nothing exclusive about this; everyone is invited to make this commitment to the
Orthodox Church. But the Eucharist is the Church's treasure, and it is reserved
for those who have united themselves with the Church. An analogy could be to reserving
marital relations until after the wedding.
We also handle the Eucharist with more gravity than many denominations
do, further explaining why we guard it from common access. We believe it is truly
the Body and Blood of Christ. We ourselves do not receive communion unless we are
making regular confession of our sins to a priest and are at peace with other communicants.
We fast from all food and drink--yes, even a morning cup of coffee--from midnight
the night before communion.
This leads to the general topic of fasting. When newcomers learn of
the Orthodox practice, their usual reaction is, "You must be kidding." We fast from
meat, fish, dairy products, wine and olive oil nearly every Wednesday and Friday,
and during four other periods during the year, the longest being Great Lent
before Pascha (Easter). Altogether this adds up to
nearly half the year. Here, as elsewhere, expect great variation. With the counsel
of their priest, people decide to what extent they can keep these fasts, both physically
and spiritually--attempting too much rigor too soon breeds frustration and defeat.
Nobody's fast is anyone else's business. As St. John Chrysostom says in his beloved
Paschal sermon, everyone is welcomed to the feast whether they fasted or not: "You
sober and you heedless, honor the day...Rejoice today, both you who have fasted
and you who have disregarded the fast."
The important point is that the fast is not rigid rules that you break
at grave risk, nor is it a punishment for sin. Fasting is exercise to stretch and
strengthen us, medicine for our souls' health. In consultation with your priest
as your spiritual doctor, you can arrive at a fasting schedule that will stretch
but not break you. Next year you may be ready for more. In fact, as time goes by,
and as they experience the camaraderie of fasting together with a loving community,
most people discover they start relishing the challenge.
7. Where's the General Confession?
In our experience, we don't have any general sins; they're all quite
specific. There is no complete confession-prayer in the Liturgy. Orthodox are expected
to be making regular, private confession to their priest.
The role of the pastor is much more that of a spiritual father than
it is in other denominations. He is not called by his first name alone, but referred
to as "Father First name." His wife also holds a special role as parish mother,
and she gets a title too, though it varies from one culture to another: either "Khouria"
(Arabic), or "Presbytera" (Greek), both of which mean "priest's wife;" or "Matushka"
(Russian), which means "Mama."
Another difference you may notice is in the Nicene Creed, which may
be said or sung, depending on the parish. If we are saying that the Holy Spirit
proceeds from the Father, and you from force of habit add, "and the Son," you will
be alone. The "filioque" was added to the Creed some six hundred years after it
was written, and we adhere to the original. High-church visitors will also notice
that we don't bow or genuflect during the "and was incarnate." Nor do we restrict
our use of "Alleluia" during Lent (when the sisters at one Episcopal
convent are referring to it as "the 'A' word"); in fact, during Matins in Lent,
the Alleluias are more plentiful than ever.
8. Music, music, music.
About seventy-five percent of the service is congregational singing.
Traditionally, Orthodox use no instruments, although some churches will have organs.
Usually a small choir leads the people in a capella harmony, with the level of congregational
response varying from parish to parish. The style of music varies as well, from
very Oriental-sounding solo chant in an Arabic church to more Western-sounding four-part
harmony in a Russian church, with lots of variation in between.
This constant singing is a little overwhelming at first; it feels like
getting on the first step of an escalator and being carried along in a rush until
you step off ninety minutes later. It has been fairly said that the liturgy is one
continuous song.
What keeps this from being exhausting is that it's pretty much the *same*
song every week. Relatively little changes from Sunday to Sunday; the same prayers
and hymns appear in the same places, and before long you know it by heart. Then
you fall into the presence of God in a way you never can when flipping from prayer
book to bulletin to hymnal.
9. Making editors squirm.
Is there a concise way to say something? Can extra adjectives be deleted?
Can the briskest, most pointed prose be boiled down one more time to a more refined
level? Then it's not Orthodox worship. If there's a longer way to say something,
the Orthodox will find it. In Orthodox worship, more is always more, in every area
including prayer. When the priest or deacon intones, "Let us complete our prayer
to the Lord," expect to still be standing there fifteen minutes later.
The original liturgy lasted something over five hours; those people
must have been on fire for God. The Liturgy of St. Basil edited this down to about
two and a half, and later (around 400 A.D.) the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom further
reduced it to about one and a half. Most Sundays we use the St. John Chrysostom
liturgy, although for some services (e.g., Sundays in Lent,
Christmas Eve) we use the longer Liturgy of St. Basil.
10. Our Champion Leader.
A constant feature of Orthodox worship is veneration of the Virgin Mary,
the "champion leader" of all Christians. We often address her as "Theotokos," which
means "Mother of God." In providing the physical means for God to become man, she
made possible our salvation.
But though we honor her, as Scripture foretold ("All generations will
call me blessed," Luke 1:48), this doesn't mean that we think she or any of the
other saints have magical powers or are demi-gods. When we sing "Holy Theotokos,
save us," we don't mean that she grants us eternal salvation, but that we seek her
prayers for our protection and growth in faith. Just as we ask for each other's
prayers, we ask for the prayers of Mary and other saints as well. They're not dead,
after all, just departed to the other side. Icons surround us to remind us of all
the saints who are joining us invisibly in worship.
11. The three doors.
Every Orthodox church will have an iconostasis before its altar. "Iconostasis"
means "icon-stand", and it can be as simple as a large image of Christ on the right
and a corresponding image of the Virgin and Child on the left. In a more established
church, the iconostasis may be a literal wall, adorned with icons. Some of versions
shield the altar from view, except when the central doors stand open.
The basic set-up of two large icons creates, if you use your imagination,
three doors. The central one, in front of the altar itself, is called the "Holy
Doors" or "Royal Doors," because there the King of Glory comes out to the congregation
in the Eucharist. Only the priest and deacons, who bear the Eucharist, use the Holy
Doors.
The openings on the other sides of the icons, if there is a complete
iconostasis, have doors with icons of angels; they are termed the "Deacon's Doors."
Altar boys and others with business behind the altar use these, although no one
is to go through any of the doors without an appropriate reason. Altar service--priests,
deacons, altar boys--is restricted to males. Females are invited to participate
in every other area of church life. Their contribution has been honored equally
with men's since the days of the martyrs; you can't look at an Orthodox altar without
seeing Mary and other holy women. In most Orthodox churches, women do everything
else men do: lead congregational singing, paint icons, teach classes, read the epistle,
and serve on the parish council.
12. Where does an American fit in?
Flipping through the Yellow Pages in a large city you might see a multiplicity
of Orthodox churches: Greek, Romanian, Carpatho-Russian, Antiochian, Serbian, and
on and on. Is Orthodoxy really so tribal? Do these divisions represent theological
squabbles and schisms?
Not at all. All these Orthodox churches are one church. The ethnic designation
refers to what is called the parish's "jurisdiction" and identifies which bishops
hold authority there. There are about 6 million Orthodox in North America
and 250 million in the world, making Orthodoxy the second-largest
Christian communion.
The astonishing thing about this ethnic multiplicity is its theological
and moral unity. Orthodox throughout the world hold unanimously to the fundamental
Christian doctrines taught by the Apostles and handed down by their successors,
the bishops, throughout the centuries. They also hold to the moral standards of
the Apostles; abortion, and sex outside heterosexual marriage, remain sins in Orthodox
eyes.
One could attribute this unity to historical accident. We would attribute
it to the Holy Spirit.
Why then the multiplicity of ethnic churches? These national designations
obviously represent geographic realities. Since North America is also a geographic
unity, one day we will likewise have a unified national church--an American Orthodox
Church. This was the original plan, but due to a number of complicated historical
factors, it didn't happen that way. Instead, each ethnic group of Orthodox immigrating
to this country developed its own church structure. This multiplication of Orthodox
jurisdictions is a temporary aberration and much prayer and planning is going into
breaking through those unnecessary walls.
Currently the largest American jurisdictions are the Greek Orthodox
Archdiocese, The Orthodox Church in America (Russian
roots), and the Antiochian Archdiocese (Arabic roots). The liturgy is substantially
the same in all, though there may be variation in language used and type of music.
I wish it could be said that every local parish eagerly welcomes newcomers,
but some are still so close to their immigrant experience that they are mystified
as to why outsiders would be interested. Visiting several Orthodox parishes will
help you learn where you're most comfortable. You will probably be looking for one
that uses plenty of English in its services. Many parishes with high proportions
of converts will have services entirely in English.
Orthodoxy seems startlingly different at first, but as the weeks go
by it gets to be less so. It will begin to feel more and more like home, and will
gradually draw you into your true home, the Kingdom of God. I hope that your first
visit to an Orthodox church will be enjoyable, and that it won't be your last.
Frederica Mathewes-Green